導入: Gerber Files – The DNA of PCB Manufacturing
で 高速PCB設計, Gerber files encapsulate over 90% of manufacturing data. According to IPC-2581 standards, 85% of global PCB manufacturers rely on Gerber as primary production documentation. As the “industrial blueprint” of electronics, Gerber files precisely describe a circuit board’s physical structure through layered encoding. This guide decodes each layer’s engineering significance to help you master PCB製造.
セクション 1: Complete Gerber File Export Workflow
1.1 Pre-Export Verification
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DRC Validation: Ensure spacing compliance with IPC-2221 standards (分. trace/space = 0.1mm @ 6-layer プリント基板)
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Stackup Confirmation: Impedance control must satisfy:
どこ H = dielectric thickness, w = trace width, T = copper thickness (1 oz = 35µm).
1.2 Export Mode Comparison
| 方法 | Use Case | File Completeness |
|---|---|---|
| One-Click Export | 標準 4-6 layer PCBs | 95% |
| Custom Configuration | HDI PCB / Blind/Buried Vias | 100% |
セクション 2: Gerber Layer Structure Deep Dive
2.1 Conductive Layers Explained
Copper Layers:
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Top/Bottom Layer: Surface routing (Typ. 1 oz copper)
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Inner Layers: 6-PCBスタックアップを層にします: Top-GND-Signal-Power-Signal-Bottom
Drill Layers:
2.2 Process-Supporting Layers
Solder Mask Layer:
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Negative image output (Exposes copper openings)
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分. クリアランス: 0.07mm (Prevents solder mask bridging failure)
Paste Mask Layer:
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Stencil aperture = Pad size × 90%
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QFN packages require cross-bridge anti-solder bead design
シルクスクリーン層:
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Text height ≥0.8mm, line width ≥0.15mm
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Bottom layer silkscreen requires mirroring
セクション 3: Gerber Features in Multilayer PCBs
3.1 Layer Count vs. Gerber Files
| PCB Layers | Gerber Files | Special Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| 1-2 | 8-10 | Standard through-holes |
| 4-6 | 15-20 | インピーダンス制御 + vippo |
| 8+ | 25+ | Blind vias + hybrid stacking |
3.2 Advanced Process Implementation
vippo (Via-in-Pad):
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Hole diameter ≤0.15mm, pad size ≥0.3mm
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Label as “μVia” in drill layers
Stepped Slot Design:
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MechanicalLayer annotation:
SLOT:3.0x1.2mm @ Layer2-4
セクション 4: DFM Rules Driven by Gerber Data
4.1 Manufacturability Checks
4.2 High-Speed Design Markers
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微分ペア:
IMPEDANCE:100Ω±10% -
RF traces:
NO_SOLDERMASK(Reduces Dk variation)
セクション 5: From Layout Engineer to PCB Architect
True PCBA design experts master:
5.1 信号の完全性 (そして)
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Delay control: ΔL ≤ 0.05√ε_r (ps/inch)
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Crosstalk prevention: 3W rule (Spacing ≥ 3×trace width)
5.2 Power Integrity (PI)
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Target インピーダンス:
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Decoupling capacitor layout: Radial placement by capacitance
5.3 熱管理
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Copper current capacity:
I=0.048⋅ΔT0.44⋅A0.725
(ΔT = temperature rise, A = cross-section)
結論: The Engineering Philosophy of Gerber Files
When exporting Gerber data, remember: These “cold” layers represent precision dialogues between electronics and materials science. From 0.05mm laser drills to 10μm solder mask tolerances, each Gerber layer narrates the engineering philosophy of signal isolation and conductive pathways.
Industry data reveals: Using Gerber+ODB++ dual-file delivery increases first-pass yield by 40%. In the 5G/AI era, mastering Gerber semantics means controlling the core of intelligent hardware manufacturing.
