Двухсторонние платы за печами

я. Обзор продукта

UGPCB Double-Sided Through-Hole PCB Board is a high-performance 2-layer rigid печатная плата built on an FR-4 glass-epoxy substrate using plated through-hole (ПТХ) технология. The board measures 86.9 × 73.58 mm with a thickness of 1.0 мм, copper foil thickness of 1/1 ОЗ (35 μm on both outer and inner layers), and a lead-free hot air solder leveling (ХАСЛ) обработка поверхности. The solder mask is green, and the silkscreen legend is white.

A double-sided through-hole PCB (double-sided printed circuit board) features conductive circuitry on both sides of the insulating substrate, with plated through-holes enabling electrical interconnection between the two layers. Compared to single-sided PCBs, double-sided PCBs offer 60%–80% higher routing density and support more complex circuit designs. УГКПБ, backed by ISO-certified quality systems and IPC-compliant manufacturing processes, delivers high-quality double-sided through-hole PCBs and turnkey печатная плата services to electronics manufacturers worldwide.

II. Product Definition and Technical Specifications

Per IPC-6012F Квалификационные и эксплуатационные характеристики жестких печатных плат (published September 2023), the double-sided through-hole PCB is classified as a rigid printed board with plated through-holes (Тип 2). Its core feature is the electrical connection between conductors on both sides through copper-plated hole walls. UGPCB manufactures this product in full compliance with IPC-6012F and meets Class 2 Требования к производительности (dedicated service electronic equipment).

Ключевые спецификации:

III. Рекомендации по проектированию

3.1 Substrate Material Selection — Engineering Value of FR-4

ФР-4 is a flame-retardant grade designation established by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The letters “фр.” stand for flame-retardant, and the number “4” denotes an epoxy resin system reinforced with woven glass fabric. Per IPC-4101 Specification for Base Materials for Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards, FR-4 Grade A1 represents the core performance tier with optimal mechanical strength, electrical properties, and long-term reliability.

Key Performance Indicators of FR-4 (Источник: IPC-4101 and industry standards):

• Температура стеклянного перехода (Тг): 130–140°C (стандартный ФР-4)

• Диэлектрическая проницаемость (Дк) @ 1 ГГц: 4.2–4.5

• Коэффициент рассеяния (Дф) @ 1 ГГц: ≤ 0.020

• Рейтинг воспламеняемости: UL 94 В-0

• Водяной поглощение (24 часы): ≤ 0.10%

FR-4 remains the predominant substrate material in the PCB industry because it offers an outstanding balance of mechanical strength, электрическая изоляция, стабильность размеров, and processability.

3.2 Circuit Design Standards per IPC-2221

Для МПК-2221 Generic Standard on Printed Board Design, conductor width design must account for current-carrying capacity, temperature rise, и толщина меди. The IPC-2221 current-carrying capacity formula is:

I = k · ΔT^0.44 · A^0.725

Где:

• I = Maximum current-carrying capacity (А)

• k = Empirical constant (0.048 for external layers, 0.024 for internal layers)

• ΔT = Allowable temperature rise (°С)

• A = Conductor cross-sectional area (мил²), where A = W × T

UGPCB’s product features a line width of 0.32 мм (приблизительно. 12.6 мил), line spacing of 0.37 мм (приблизительно. 14.6 мил), and copper thickness of 1 ОЗ (35 мкм). For an external layer trace with a 10°C temperature rise:

A = 0.32 мм × 0.035 mm = 0.0112 mm² ≈ 17.36 мил²

I = 0.048 × 10^0.44 × 17.36^0.725 ≈ 0.048 × 2.75 × 7.82 ≈ 1.03 А

This conductor width supports approximately 1 A of current, meeting the power and signal transmission needs of most consumer electronics and industrial control equipment. IPC-2221 recommends limiting the maximum temperature rise to 10°C or 20°C to preserve PCB service life.

3.3 Hole Diameter and Aspect Ratio Design

The aspect ratio of a through-hole is a critical metric for evaluating drilling and hole metallization difficulty. The formula is:

Aspect Ratio = Board Thickness / Drilled Hole Diameter

For UGPCB’s product with 1.0 mm board thickness and 0.236 mm minimum hole diameter:

Aspect Ratio = 1.0 / 0.236 ≈ 4.24:1

This aspect ratio is well below the industry-recommended upper limit of 10:1 and the conservative design threshold of 8:1. It indicates low difficulty in drilling and metallization, high yield rates, controlled costs, and assured through-hole reliability.

3.4 Land Pattern Design Reference

Per IPC-7351 Generic Requirements for Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard, land pattern design must ensure adequate solder fillet formation and meet solderability, inspectability, and reworkability requirements. Для сквозных компонентов, land diameter is typically recommended at 1.8–2.2 times the hole diameter to ensure sufficient annular ring width.

IV. Принцип работы

The double-sided through-hole PCB operates on three core technologies:

1. Double-Sided Routing — Conductive circuit patterns are etched on both the top and bottom surfaces of the FR-4 insulating substrate, allowing component placement on both sides. This significantly increases circuit density and design flexibility.

2. Позолоченное сквозное отверстие (ПТХ) Interconnection — After drilling, electroless copper deposition and electrolytic copper plating build up a conductive layer on the hole walls. This creates low-resistance, highly reliable electrical connections between the top and bottom layers. Per IPC-6012F Class 2, the minimum average plated copper thickness on hole walls must be ≥ 20 мкм.

3. Component Assembly and Soldering — Components are mounted through hole (ТТТ) or surface mount (СМТ) techniques and electrically connected via reflow or wave soldering, producing a fully functional PCBA (Печатная плата в сборе) модуль.

В. Классификация продуктов

Per the IPC-6012F classification system for rigid printed boards, UGPCB’s product is classified as follows:

By application domain, this product falls into the General Industrial Grade Double-Sided PCB категория, suitable for consumer electronics, промышленное управление, оборудование связи, силовые адаптеры, and other medium-reliability applications.

VI. Материальная композиция

6.1 Substrate — FR-4 Copper-Clad Laminate

FR-4 is a glass-reinforced epoxy laminate composed of electronic-grade woven glass fabric as reinforcement and epoxy resin as the binder, consolidated under high temperature and pressure. Its UL 94 В-0 flammability rating means that in the vertical burn test, the material self-extinguishes within 10 seconds after each of two 10-second flame applications, with no flaming drips that ignite cotton.

6.2 Copper Foil — 1/1 ОЗ

One ounce (1 ОЗ) of copper foil has a thickness of 35 мкм (1.37 мил). УГКПБ использует 1 OZ copper on both outer layers (designated 1/1 ОЗ), ensuring equal current-carrying capacity and conductivity on both sides.

6.3 Surface Finish — Lead-Free HASL

Lead-Free HASL involves immersing the PCB in molten lead-free solder (typically Sn-Cu, Sn-Cu-Ni, or Sn-Ag-Cu alloys), then using high-pressure hot air knives to level and remove excess solder. This produces a uniform, solderable protective coating on the copper surfaces. The process complies with IPC-6012F requirements and RoHS environmental directives.

6.4 Паяльная маска и легенда

• Green Solder Mask — Covers all circuit areas except pads, providing insulation, oxidation protection, and short-circuit prevention.

• Легенда белой шелкографии — Identifies component reference designators, polarity markers, board part numbers, and revision levels to facilitate assembly and debugging.

VII. Product Performance

7.1 Электрические характеристики

7.2 Механические характеристики

7.3 Надежность

Per IPC-6012F Class 2 требования, the product must pass the following reliability verifications:

• ТЕПРЕСКИЙ СТРАНТ -Тест (288°С, 10 секунды, no delamination or blistering)

• Plated Through-Hole Copper Adhesion Test (minimum average hole-wall copper thickness ≥ 20 мкм)

• Solderability Test

• Electrical Continuity and Insulation Resistance Test

VIII. Структура продукта

UGPCB’s double-sided through-hole PCB features a symmetrical 2-layer construction. From top to bottom:

1. Top Legend Layer (White Silkscreen)

2. Top Solder Mask Layer (Green Ink)

3. Top Copper Foil Layer (1 ОЗ, 35 мкм)

4. FR-4 Insulating Substrate (1.0 ММ толщина)

5. Bottom Copper Foil Layer (1 ОЗ, 35 мкм)

6. Bottom Solder Mask Layer (Green Ink)

7. Bottom Legend Layer (White Silkscreen)

8. Покрытые сквозные отверстия (ПТХ) — Span the full board thickness with copper-plated hole walls enabling interlayer interconnection

IX. Особенности продукта

1. High Routing Density — Double-sided routing delivers 60%–80% higher density than single-sided boards, supporting more complex circuit designs.

2. Highly Reliable Through-Hole Interconnection — Plated through-hole (ПТХ) technology ensures long-term electrical reliability between layers, with hole-wall copper thickness meeting IPC-6012F Class 2 требования (≥ 20 μm average).

3. Excellent Flame Retardancy — FR-4 substrate meets UL 94 В-0 Рейтинг воспламеняемости, ensuring safety under abnormal operating conditions.

4. Lead-Free and Environmentally Friendly — Lead-free HASL surface finish complies with RoHS environmental directives.

5. Fine-Pitch Circuit Capability — Minimum line width of 0.32 mm and minimum spacing of 0.37 mm accommodate medium- to high-density circuit designs.

6. Превосходная стабильность размеров — FR-4’s low water absorption (≤ 0.10%) ensures minimal dimensional change in humid environments, preserving assembly accuracy.

7. Mature Manufacturing Process — With 1.0 mm board thickness and 0.236 mm minimum hole diameter, the aspect ratio of only 4.24:1 enables mature processes, high yields, and short lead times.

Х. Схема производственного процесса

UGPCB’s standard double-sided through-hole PCB manufacturing process:

1. Входной контроль материалов → Verify FR-4 copper-clad laminate thickness, copper foil quality, and visual defects.

2. Резка → Cut large-format copper-clad laminate to working panel size (86.9 × 73.58 мм).

3. Бурение → Use high-precision CNC drilling machines to drill all through-holes per the Gerber drill file (minimum diameter 0.236 мм).

4. Позолоченное сквозное отверстие (ПТХ) → Deposit a thin copper seed layer on hole walls via electroless copper deposition.

5. Panel Plating → Electrolytically plate copper to build up hole-wall and surface copper to target thickness (1 ОЗ).

6. Перенос узора → Laminate dry film, expose, and develop to form the circuit pattern resist.

7. Офорт → Etch away unprotected copper to form the final circuit pattern.

8. Stripping → Remove the resist dry film from circuit traces.

9. Прикладная маска → Apply green solder mask ink, expose, and develop to expose pads.

10. Поверхностная отделка → Lead-Free HASL.

11. Legend Printing → Screen-print white silkscreen legend.

12. Маршрутизация / V-Cut → CNC routing to final board outline.

13. Электрические испытания → Flying probe or fixture testing to verify open/short integrity.

14. Окончательный контроль качества (FQC) → Visual inspection, dimensional sampling, and packaging for shipment.

XI. Сценарии приложения

UGPCB Double-Sided Through-Hole FR-4 PCB Boards, with their balanced performance and mature processes, are widely used in:

11.1 Бытовая электроника

• Силовые адаптеры и зарядные устройства

• Home appliance control boards

• Устройства умного дома

11.2 Промышленный контроль

• PLC programmable logic controllers

• Industrial power modules

• Instrumentation and meters

11.3 Коммуникационное оборудование

• Routers and switches

• Communication modules

• Signal conversion devices

11.4 Автомобильная электроника

• On-board chargers

• Модули управления кузовом (non-safety-critical)

• Информационно -развлекательные системы

11.5 Медицинские устройства

• Patient monitor auxiliary boards

• Портативное медицинское оборудование (Сорт 2 applicable)

XII. Product Advantages and Selection Guide

12.1 Why Choose UGPCB Double-Sided Through-Hole PCBs?

• IPC-Compliant Process Control — From material selection to finished goods, full compliance with IPC-6012F, IPC-4101, and other international standards.

• High-Precision Manufacturing — Minimum hole diameter of 0.236 mm and minimum line width of 0.32 mm meet medium- to high-density design requirements.

• Экологическое соответствие — Lead-free HASL surface finish complies with RoHS 2.0 directives.

• Proven Reliability — FR-4 substrate has been market-validated for decades with consistent performance.

• Быстрая доставка — Standard specifications are stocked with ample raw materials, ensuring reliable lead times.

12.2 Selection Reference

UGPCB Double-Sided Through-Hole PCBs are the ideal choice when your project meets these criteria:

• Moderate circuit complexity that 2 layers can accommodate

• Operating frequency below 1 ГГц (FR-4 performs excellently in this range)

• Long-term operating environment not exceeding 120°C

• Cost-sensitive applications demanding high value

XIII. Запросить цену

UGPCB is committed to delivering high-quality PCB manufacturing and turnkey PCBA services to customers worldwide. Whether you need standard-specification double-sided through-hole PCBs or custom requirements (special board thickness, copper weight, обработка поверхности, контроль импеданса, и т. д.), UGPCB’s expert team provides full support from engineering design to volume production.

Получите предложение сегодня:

• Submit Gerber files + specifications — receive a quote within 24 часы

• Support from prototype to high-volume production

• Free Design for Manufacturing (DFM) обзор

Контакты УГКПБ:
📧 Sales Inquiries: [sales@ugpcb.com]
🌐 Website: [www.ugpcb.com]

XIV. Декларация источника данных

The standards and data cited in this document are sourced from the following authoritative organizations:

1. МПК (Ассоциация, объединяющая электронную промышленность): IPC-6012F Квалификационные и эксплуатационные характеристики жестких печатных плат (September 2023); IPC-4101 Specification for Base Materials for Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards; МПК-2221 Generic Standard on Printed Board Design; МПК-7351 Generic Requirements for Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard

2. UL (Андеррайтеры лаборатории): UL 94 Стандарт на испытания на воспламеняемость пластмассовых материалов для деталей устройств и приборов

3. NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association): FR-4 material grade definition

4. Industry Standard Technical Data: FR-4 dielectric constant, Коэффициент рассеяния, and other material property parameters